1.  Revised MAI-Civil Instruction as listed above, having been prepared by the Committee on Jury Instructions – Civil and reviewed by the Court, is hereby adopted and approved.

2.  The Instruction revised as set forth in the specific exhibit attached hereto must be used on and after January 1, 2026, and may be used prior thereto; any such use shall not be presumed to be error.

3.  It is further ordered that this order and the specific exhibit attached hereto shall be published in the South Western Reporter and the Journal of The Missouri Bar.